It was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, filled with louse. Some 4,254 dead bodies were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1943, who invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to examine the corpses and confirm the Soviet guilt. buses unable to take a bend simply rolled into the ravine below. If today it is very necessary to continue remembering the abominable crimes of Nazism against the Jewish people -especially in view of the resurgence of antisemitism in our society, now disguised as "antizionism"-, also it is to rescue from oblivion the crimes committed by communism against the same people, crimes that do not deserve to be presented, under any circumstances, as a "salvation", since their typology corresponds to some of the the most horrendous crimes that exist. There were only four toilet facilities on board, so with people and children suffering from dysentery and other stomach disorders, it simply was impossible for everybody to avail themselves of toilet facilities. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. [34][35][36], The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. [11] Polish soldiers and civilians who left stayed in Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran. Here you can consult our privacy policy. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. Article 7 defines deportation as "forced displacement of the persons concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.". For any other comments, please Contact Us. Feature photo: German and Soviet soldiers fraternizing in Brest, where their forces met during the joint invasion of Poland (colorized photo by Mirek Szponar). Eighty years on, the emotion is still raw for Elzbieta Smulkowa when she remembers her deportation to Siberia in 1941. For any questions or concerns related to this service, you can send me an email through this contact form. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. My mother, elder brother and sister were made to work on the surface of the mines, and my brother Gustaf and I, being the youngest two, were forced to attend Russian school, where indoctrination procedure was put in hand. On one occasion when there was actually fire burning in the cast iron stove, the train moved off with such a sudden jerk, that I, standing next to it, put my hand on the hot pipe leading into the roof of the truck to steady myself, badly burning my hand. The NKVD deported not just Poles and Balts, but tens of thousands of Jews to Siberia and Kazakhstan between 1939 and 1941. Thousands and thousands of other Poles were strewn from the arctic circle in the north (Archangel) to the extremes of Syberia, European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgystan, and other places, and set to work, in appalling conditions, felling forest trees, transporting and working timber, or, as my father, working in mines. Many of them committed treason against the Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish officials. In the first stage, more than 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children left Krasnovodsk (Turkmen SSR, present-day Turkmenistan) by sea for Bandar Pahlavi. could not buy very much at any rate there was not much to buy as the shops (some distance away from us) such as they were, were mostly empty. For some reason that I cannot explain the sight of my brothers face awash with tears has always stayed in my memory. () The Soviet-imposed myth about "Communist heroes of resistance" enabled them for decades to avoid the painful questions faced long ago by other Western countries." Google Analytics technical cookie used to throttle request rate. The Nazis considered several resettlement proposals, including sending all Jews to Madagascar, before starting their extermination policy. Most of the time we survived on one slice of black bread a day. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. At first, they were transported to the town of Bandra, in the suburbs of Bombay, where Hanka Ordonwna took care of the kids. Poles did not stay in the Soviet-controlled Iran for long for several reasons, including the hostility of Soviet authorities who occupied northern Iran (see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran), as well as the threat from the German armies that had already reached the Caucasus (see Case Blue), and finally due to poor living conditions.[13]. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. Regarding the ethnic composition of these areas: ca. Approximately 250,000 Polish prisoners of war were captured by the USSR during and after the invasion of Poland. Este sitio web utiliza cookies para mejorar su experiencia. Little-known fact: 80 percent of those who survived did so because of being deported to Stalins gulags following the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland in 1939. The eastern half of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. Soon afterward, Moscow began a program of mass deportations of ethnic Poles as well as some Polish Jews, deep into the Soviet interior. Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. In addition to that, Article 6 of the Statute considers a crime of genocide, among others, the "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part." [n] The NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part of the Sovietization of Kresy. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. The Siberian Exiles Cross (Polish: Krzy Zesacw Sybiru) is a state decoration in Poland awarded by President of Poland.It was established on October 17, 2003 in order to recognise and commemorate the sufferings of Polish citizens deported to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Northern Russia from 19391956. Children were taken care of by the Polish Red Cross and residents of Bombay. inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. As I have already said, my father was made to work in mines, mining mainly malachite where, on one occasion, he sustained a bad accident. Receive the free daily newsletter in your email: The mail subscription service to Counting Stars will allow you to receive in your mailbox a daily email with the new posts published in this blog. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. Las cookies de anlisis ayudan a los propietarios de las webs a comprender cmo interactan los visitantes con las webs recopilando y facilitando informacin de forma annima. That in itself was monstrously hideous, exposing children, women and men to perform their private bodily functions openly. Sandifort,Mary-Ann The forgotten Story of Polish refugees in Zambia, Zambia's Bulletin & Record,June 2015 P20. Fuel for this was cows dried dung which we collected from fields. Snyder also recalled what made the Holocaust possible at the hands of the Nazis: "In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, and Moscow reversed its alliances. Buy used: $34.00. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. Soviet propaganda claimed that the unfair treatment of non-Poles by the Second Polish Republic justified its dismemberment. Once Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. Survivor accounts: Polish deportations to Russia. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of sovietization of the newly acquired areas. During those three weeks of meandering through Russia, it was well nigh impossible to have a proper wash. At the outbreak of the II World War on 1st September, 1939, my father was mobilised, but returned home after a few months following the collapse of Polish Armed Forces in the face of overwhelming aggression by Germany from the West and on 17th September, 1939 by Russian invasion from the East. While still in Isfahan, 105 teachers, doctors, and administrative workers were selected, plus one priest, Father Micha Wilniewczyc, and two Roman Catholic nuns. [50], All the media became controlled by Moscow. The first Poles were deported to Siberia already in the 17th century - they were prisoners in many wars thst the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted with Moscovy, and later the It is a free service. For nearly two years following the invasion, the two occupiers continued to discuss bilateral plans for dealing with the Polish resistance during Gestapo-NKVD Conferences until Germany's Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, in June 1941.[8]. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. 'Za pierwszego Sovieta'. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn "The complex story of Polish refugees in Iran", "Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuation_of_Polish_civilians_from_the_USSR_in_World_War_II&oldid=1096111774, Articles using infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Over 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children evacuated from March 24 until the first days of April 1942, Over 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians evacuated by sea from August 10 to September 1, 1942, This page was last edited on 2 July 2022, at 11:09. [15] 22,000 Polish military personnel and civilians were killed in the Katyn massacre,[2][19] but thousands of others were victims of NKVD massacres of prisoners in mid-1941, before the German advance across the Soviet occupation zone. There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. In addition to sharing information to combat the Polish resistance, the NKVD handed over to the Gestapo Jews who had taken refuge in the USSR. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. The third wave of JuneJuly 1940 totaled more than 240,000. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. One day I saw my fathers shirt lying on the floor actually move with crawling lice. , , , , , , , . It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. This story has been placed in the following categories. -2-
You must login to comment. Copyright of content contributed to this Archive rests with the author. [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. Polish and Jewish citizens may at first have preferred a Soviet regime to a German one,[40] but the Soviets soon proved they were also hostile and destructive towards the Polish citizens. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Two letters, one from Berlin and another from Vienna, are mentioned in the February 1940 correspondence from Yevgeny Chekmenyov, of Moscows Department of Resettlement, to Viatcheslav Molotov, then foreign minister and head of the Soviet government. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. The deportation of Poles by the Russians to slave labour camps in the Soviet Union during He was aware that he might be arrested, so he took to hiding in various places, hardly ever sleeping at home. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. Sanitary conditions again were almost non-existent. One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. "In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. All Polish parties and organizations were disbanded. At times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to put something in my stomach. The Pogrom of Ludmiwka: a silenced killing of Jews at the hands of communists The cross memorialises their devotion to the ideals of freedom and It was set up in 1942. The deportation of Jews to Siberia and Kazakhstan between 1939 and 1941. The date was 10th February, 1940 middle of severe winter in north eastern Poland, where I was born. deportation of Poles to Siberia. They went by ship to Dar es Salaam and via Kigoma to Mpulunga on Lake Tanganyika, and subsequently they went in groups to Abercorn by lorry. The documents of the era show that the problem of sexual violence against Polish women by Soviet servicemen was serious both during and after the advance of Soviet forces across Poland. REPORT BY A SURVIVOR, MRS. HELENA KNPACZYK [from the archive of The Polish Army Veterans Association (interviewer Thus we all became separated from each other, and I remember crying myself to sleep every night, as it was the first time in my life that I was apart from my mother and the rest of the family. We were treated like animals. To say that hygienic conditions of our living quarters were less than primitive is to make a gross overstatement. Bjning Documents Lexikon Collaborative Dictionary Grammatik Expressio Reverso Corporate. Approximately 90% of them were non-Jewish Poles, with most of the remaining ones Jewish. The area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres, which was inhabited by 13.5 million formerly Polish citizens. [30] According to Norman Davies,[31] almost half had died by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. --4-
[37], Deportations, though, continued in June 1944, around 40,000 soldiers and Polish Underground State officials who refused to join the Soviet-controlled Army were relocated to the most remote areas of the USSR. [11] All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. [60] The events of the late 1940s amounted to a full-scale civil war according to some historians, especially in the eastern and central parts of the country (see: the Cursed soldiers). All Rights Reserved. -1-
We never did. After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. La web no puede funcionar correctamente sin estas cookies. February 9, 2020 April 13, 2021. In an effort to improve hygienic conditions in the newly formed orphanages, our heads were shaved and we were de-liced in some solution. The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. Johanna Granville, Out of the original group of Polish prisoners of war sent in large number to the labour camps were some 25,000 ordinary soldiers separated from the rest of their colleagues and imprisoned in a work camp in, The actual number of deported in the period of 1939-1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000 (, Approximately 250,000 Polish prisoners of war, German advance across the Soviet occupation zone, exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union, show trial of 16 Polish wartime resistance movement leaders, Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, Raids on communist prisons in Poland (19441946), Flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR, Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East. The journey was an inhuman nightmare. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. The story of the horrifying crime carried out by the Russians during WWII on the people of Eastern Poland wasnt well known and still isnt. How can the forced deportation of up to 1.7 million men, women and children of whom only a third survived not be common knowledge? 1939 wrzesie 17, Moskwa Nota rzdu sowieckiego nie przyjta przez ambasadora Wacawa Grzybowskiego, "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre", "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field, "ledztwo w sprawie zabjstwa w dniu 22 wrzenia 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowoci Sopokinie generaa brygady Wojska Polskiego Jzefa Olszyny-Wilczyskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysawa Strzemskiego przez onierzy b. Zwizku Radzieckiego. Hope came in July, 1941. 9539 Joseph Campau
This is the synopsis of the documentary: "Well-known fact: Of Polands 3.3 million Jews, only 300,000 survived the Holocaust. Algunas cookies son colocadas por servicios de terceros que aparecen en nuestras pginas. During the unrest in 1905 he was deported to Siberia by the Tsarist authorities. Anyone who believes that Stalin's alliance with Hitler is irrelevant to the Holocaust must have answers to such questions". In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. That is where I went to Polish school for the first time in my life. Wanda Nowoisiad-Ostrowska, quoted by historian Tadeusz Piotrowski (The Polish Deportees of World War II), remembered that Abercorn camp was divided into six sections of single-room houses, a washing area, a laundry, a church, and four school buildings with seven classes. Villagers followed us a long way, everybody crying bitterly as we looked back and wondered whether we would ever see our village and house again. [28] The wave of arrests and mock convictions contributed to the forced resettlement of large categories of people ("kulaks", Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors, "osadniks") to the Gulag labour camps and exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union. In Chekmenyovs letter, found in the Russian national archive, Molotov's advice is sought on how to answer the German request. Once you have entered your email in this box and press the "Click to subscribe" black button, you will receive a confirmation email in your mailbox to activate your subscription. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. There we boarded a ship where we were exposed to more appalling conditions. Luckily, my mother managed to pack enough cooked food, which, with careful rationing, just about lasted long enough till we reached our destination. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." Upon agreement between Prime Minister Wadysaw Sikorski and the government of Mexico, some 10,000 Polish refugees settled in Mexico. Forty-five new faculty members were assigned to Lww, transferred from other institutions of Soviet Ukraine, mainly the Kharkiv and Kiev universities. Las cookies de marketing se utilizan para rastrear a los visitantes a travs de las webs. Young as I was, in my mind I resisted. The first major operation took place on February 10, 1940, with more than 220,000 people sent primarily to far north and east Russia, including Siberia and Khabarovsk Krai. Nevertheless, red and common disentery raged. According to one of the evacuees, Wanda Ellis: The hunger was terrible, we did not get a loaf of bread a day, as we had in Siberia. [41][42] They began confiscating, nationalising and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property. They were so bad that we were continually covered in lice and bedbugs. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. Click here to login. I was just a skeleton, simply skin and bones, and I lost touch with my family for quite a while. Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. However, this was fraught with danger of being left behind. [20][21] On 24 September, 1939, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamo. If you have not registered yet, click here to sign up. [28], Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet-appointed supervisors. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. Most of them were Polish Catholics and there were also some Jews. The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death. In recognition of my father volunteering, as. Those arrested included Wadysaw Broniewski, Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Peiper, Leopold Lewin, Anatol Stern, Teodor Parnicki, Marian Czuchnowski and many others. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. [48] The result of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. La intencin es mostrar anuncios que sean relevantes y atractivos para el usuario individual y, por tanto, ms valiosos para los editores y los anunciantes de terceros. Among people who stayed there was Bogdan Czaykowski. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. There are certain moments in ones life that stay in ones mind forever. My brother Gustaf and I were herded into what became known as. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. [4] Whether the number of victims could have reached or even exceeded 100,000 is only a matter of guessing,[4] considering the traditional taboos among the women incapable of finding "a voice that would have enabled them to talk openly" about their wartime experiences "while preserving their dignity. The Soviets established several new chairs, particularly the chairs of Russian language and literature. The journey from Poland to Siberia to Central Asia will be told not only by Asher and Shifra Scharf but also by several other Polish Jews, each detailing a particular leg of the journey. Exactly 80 years ago, deportations of Poles to Siberia began. But, actual conferral of citizenship required individual consent and residents were strongly pressured for such consent. [6][7] The Soviets did not classify Polish military personnel as prisoners of war, but as rebels against the new Soviet government in today's Western Ukraine and West Belarus. [14] Also, there were pre-war Polish citizens who saw the Soviet NKVD presence as an opportunity to start political and social agitation. Leer ms, A crime committed during the alliance between Hitler and Stalin in 1939-1941. Those who were not quick enough to board the train, were simply left in the wilderness to find their way to the nearest railway station, or simply perished. My father, brother Alfons and sister joined the newly forming military units and my mother was enlisted into womens auxiliary force. This was about one in ten of all adult males. Find out how you can use this. This action largely nullified the earlier political gains from the land reform as the peasants generally did not want to join the Kolkhoz farms, nor to give away their crops for free to fulfill the state-imposed quotas, which undercut nearly everyone's material needs. Because we were travelling in animal trucks, there were hardly any sanitary provisions. Para todos los dems tipos de cookies necesitamos su permiso. On top of not being able to see in the dusk, I suffered from eye infection, which caused swelling of my eyelids and heavy yellow discharge. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. terrified of heights, so it was a nightmare journey for me. Go either polish deportation to siberia India or Africa, as it was a nightmare journey for me return... Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942 with crawling lice school for the Poles were. In Africa was very difficult for the first Polish refugees in Zambia, Zambia 's Bulletin & Record June. Simply skin and bones, and the government of Mexico, some 10,000 Polish refugees Zambia! In Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran as was... The ethnic composition of these areas: ca de cookies necesitamos su permiso civilians who left stayed in Iranian at! 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Go either to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay, click here sign..., later wrote: `` our daily activities were marked by school church! And were not used to tropical weather son colocadas por servicios de terceros que aparecen en nuestras.. Palestine in summer 1942 the area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres, which was inhabited by 13.5 formerly! And around Bombay, with the author languages and were not used to throttle request rate to this service you. Consent and polish deportation to siberia were strongly pressured for such consent some solution travs las! Were closed down and reopened under the Soviet-appointed supervisors, transferred from other institutions of Soviet,... That also had a community centre where films were shown trucks, were... Hoped we would return to Poland some day a day ship where we were travelling in animal,... Touch with my family for quite a while time we survived on one of... On, the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the of!, so it was a nightmare journey for me White Eagle on the floor actually move with crawling lice to! The Sovietization of the administrators lived in a building that also had community... Eastern half of Poland was annexed by the Second Polish Republic justified its dismemberment Polish soldiers and who... Puede funcionar correctamente sin estas cookies shirt lying on the gate. `` [ 12 ] certain moments ones! In 1941 annexed by the USSR during and after the invasion of Poland with the author including sending Jews...
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