Source: Ro4444, CC-BY-SA-4.0, Wikimedia Commons. It was ruled by a military caste of mamluks (manumitted slave soldiers) headed by the sultan. [110] The Mamluks contributed to the expansion of Arabic in Egypt through their victory over the Mongols and the Crusaders and the subsequent creation of a Muslim haven in Egypt and Syria for Arabic-speaking immigrants from other conquered Muslim lands. The mamluk was an "owned slave", distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave. [155] Typically, the faction most loyal to the sultan were the Royal Mamluks, particularly those mamluks whom the sultan had personally recruited and manumitted. [113] Ethnic origin was a key component of an individual mamluk's identity, and ethnic identity manifested itself through given names, dress, access to administrative positions and was indicated by a sultan's nisba. The Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260, halting their southward expansion. The quality and quantity of metalwork was also generally higher in the early period. From the Medieval to the Early Modern Period, the Mamluks reigned during a transformative era in Dar Al-Islam as the Islamic Caliphates fell and new kinds of states arose, even states governed by former slaves. [195], Under Sultan Barsbay, a state monopoly was established on luxury goods, namely spices, in which the state set prices and collected a percentage of profits. Emirates NBD. Baybars ended the Ayyubid and early Mamluk tradition of selecting a Shafi'i scholar as qadi al-qudah (chief judge) and instead had a qadi al-qudah appointed from each of the four madhabs. Egypt and Syria already possessed a rich tradition of glassmaking prior to this period and Damascus was the most important production center during the Mamluk period. Gender roles and relations/patriarchy . [49] Campaigns against the Crusaders continued in 1267, and in the spring of 1268, Baybars' forces captured Jaffa before conquering the major Crusader fortress of Antioch on 18 May. [77], Under an-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluks successfully repelled an Ilkhanid invasion of Syria in 1313 and then concluded a peace treaty with the Ilkhanate in 1322, bringing a long-lasting end to the Mamluk-Mongol wars. While the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II was engaged in Europe, a new round of conflict broke out between Egypt and the Safavid dynasty in Persia in 1501. [128] The manifestations of anti-Christian hostility were mostly spearheaded at the popular level rather than under the direction of Mamluk sultans. "[156] The foundation of Mamluk organization and factional unity was based on the principles of khushdashiyya, which was a crucial component of a sultan's authority and power. Among them was that virtually all agriculture in Egypt depended on a single source of irrigation, the Nile, and the measures and rights to irrigation were determined by the river's flooding, whereas in Syria and Palestine, there were multiple sources of mostly rain-fed irrigation, and measures and rights were thus determined at the local level. [72] Early into his third reign, in 1310, an-Nasir Muhammad imprisoned, exiled or killed any Mamluk emirs that supported those who toppled him in the past, including the Burji mamluks. These ports were frequented by European merchants, who in turn sold gold and silver ducats and bullion, silk, wool and linen fabrics, furs, wax, honey and cheeses. [216] In modern times, from the late 19th century onwards, a "neo-Mamluk" style also appeared, partly as a nationalist response against Ottoman and European styles, in an effort to promote local "Egyptian" styles. Will you pass the quiz? From their Islamic masters, the Mamluks learned command and combat strategy, science, mathematics, art, law, and administration. [4] In addition, the caliph recognized the sultan's authority over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Diyarbakir, the Hejaz and Yemen and any territory conquered from the Crusaders or Mongols. . The Mamluk Sultanate fell to the Ottomans in 1517. [114] Among the Bahri sultans and emirs, there existed a degree of pride of their Kipchak Turkish roots,[116] and their non-Kipchak usurpers such as sultans Kitbuqa, Baybars II and Lajin were often de-legitimized in the Bahri-era sources for their non-Kipchak origins. On 5 April 1250, covered by the darkness of night, the Crusaders evacuated their camp opposite al-Mansurah and began to flee northward towards Damietta. [111] According to Petry, "the Mamluks regarded Turkish as their caste's vehicle of communication, even though they themselves spoke Central Asian dialects such as Qipjak, or Circassian, a Caucasic language. Mamluk Sultanate, 1317 CE Illustration by Ro4444 published on 13 September 2018 Download Full Size Image A map indicating the territory of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo, 1317 CE. [184] To that end, in 1387, Barsbay established direct control over Alexandria, the principal Egyptian commercial port, thereby transferring the tax revenues of the port to the sultan's personal treasury (diwan al-khass) instead of the imperial treasury which was linked with the military's iqta system. Think king and his dominion, the kingdom. [13] Mamluks had formed a part of the state or military apparatus in Syria and Egypt since at least the 9th century, rising to become governing dynasties of Egypt and the Levant during the Tulunid and Ikhshidid periods. Warring continued between the Mamluks and Mongols, with the Mamluks consistently defeating the Central Asian invaders. Shah Ismail I sent an embassy to Venice and Syria inviting them to join arms and recover the territory taken from them by the Ottoman Empire. Imported luxury goods from the east sometimes influenced local artistic vocabularies, as exemplified by the incorporation of Chinese motifs into both objects and architecture. [31] Instead of isolating Aktay as was Aybak's intention, the assignment allowed Aktay to impose extortionate taxes in Upper Egypt and provide him the personal funds to finance his patronage of the Bahriyyah. [89][92], Barquq's accession had been made possible by the support of Yalbugha's mamluks, whose subsequent rise to power also made Barquq's position vulnerable. 76-80 Seljuk Empire Mamluk Sultanate Delhi Sultanate Geographic Location and Dates they maintained powe r 11 century, Middle east North Africa 1250-1517 South Asia Social Social classes & social hierarchy Who has power in society? [4] The less than year-long reign of Caliph al-Musta'in as sultan in 1412 was an anomaly. [100] Tatar died three months into his reign and was succeeded by Barsbay, another Circassian emir of Barquq, in 1422. [107] Two Ottoman era Mamluks, Iwaz Bey's Mamluk Yusuf Bey al-Jazzar and Jazzar Pasha were known for massacring Bedouins and given the name "butcher" (al-Jazzar) for it. Map depicting the territorial holdings of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1337 CE. [103] Syria passed into Ottoman possession,[104] and the Ottomans were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamluks. [90] Afterward, he managed to bring to Egypt his father Anas and many of his kinsmen,[90] possibly in an attempt to establish a power base outside of the Mamluk establishment. True or False: The Mamluks were successful in establishing their own sultanate in Egypt. Jamdariyyah) and Bahri (pl. With the Ottoman victories over the Mamluks in 1516-17, Egypt and Syria reverted to the status of provinces within an empire. After thorough training in various fields such as martial arts, court etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed. [198] Trade with Iran, India, and China was even more extensive, turning Mamluk cities into centers of both trade and consumption. Empire.) [71] An-Nasir Muhammad also attempted to assert permanent Mamluk control over the Makurian vassal state, launching an invasion in 1316 and installing a Muslim Nubian king, Abdallah Barshambu. However, an-Nasir Muhammad's senior aide, Qawsun, held real power and ultimately imprisoned and executed Abu Bakr and had an-Nasir Muhammad's infant son, al-Ashraf Kujuk, appointed in his stead. [92] Ali died in May 1381 and was succeeded by his nine-year-old brother, as-Salih Hajji. Philipp and Haarmann 1998, p. 96. [152] Hereditary rule was much less frequent during the Burji regime. A variant thereof (al-Dawla al-Turkiyya al-Jarakisiyya) emphasized the fact that the Circassians were Turkic-speaking.[10]. [67] However, the Mamluks' enemies, such as the Mongol powers and their Muslim vassals, the Armenians and the Crusaders, successfully disrupted the flow of mamluks into the sultanate. Baybars subsequently assumed power in Egypt in late 1260,[40] and established the Bahri Mamluk sultanate. 4. [78] By January 1342, however, Qawsun and Kujuk were toppled, and the latter's half-brother, an-Nasir Ahmad of al-Karak, was declared sultan. Although the Crusade was a catastrophe for the Christian forces, initial differing strategies between the reigning Sultan and Mamluks resulted in the execution of many military commanders. [126][127] The association of Christians with the Mongols, due to the latter's use of Armenian and Georgian Christian auxiliaries, the attempted alliance between the Mongols and the Crusader powers, and the massacre of Muslim communities and the sparing of Christians in cities captured by the Mongols, may have contributed to rising anti-Christian sentiments in the Mamluk era. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Most of the surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the end of the Mamluk period. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. [75] Moreover, an-Nasir Muhammad's being the son of a mamluk instead of a mamluk himself risked undermining his position among the largely mamluk elite. [110] Arabic's wide use among Muslim and non-Muslim commoners had likely been motivated by their aspiration to learn the language of the ruling and scholarly elite. [101] Moreover, Barsbay compelled Red Sea traders to offload their goods at the Mamluk-held Hejazi port of Jeddah rather than the Yemeni port of Aden in order to derive the most financial benefit from the Red Sea transit route to Europe. [100], Before Shaykh died in 1421, he sought to offset the power of the Circassian mamluks by importing Turkish mamluks and installing a Turk as atabeg al-asakir in 1420 to serve as regent for his infant son Ahmad. [60], Qalawun's early reign was marked by policies that were meant to gain the support of important societal elements, namely the merchant class, the Muslim bureaucracy and the religious establishment. [39] Qutuz sent military reinforcements to his erstwhile enemy an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria, and reconciled with the Bahriyyah, including Baybars, who was allowed to return to Egypt, to face the common Mongol threat. [67] In 1291, Khalil captured Acre, the last major Crusader fortress in Palestine and thus Mamluk rule extended across the entirety of Syria. [18] Despite his close relationship with his mamluks, tensions existed between as-Salih and the Salihiyyah, and a number of Salihi mamluks were imprisoned or exiled throughout as-Salih's reign. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. [29] He served as the principal bulwark against the more junior Bahri and Jamdari elements of the Salihiyyah, and his promotion to atabeg al-askar was met by Bahri rioting in Cairo, the first of many examples of intra-Salihi tensions surrounding Aybak's ascendancy. [122] Regardless of the policy change, the Shafi'i scholars maintained a number of privileges over their colleagues from the other madhabs. The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. [166] The reformation of iqta distribution created a clear link between an emir's rank and the size of his iqta. The role of a muhtasib was to inspect weights and measures and the quality of goods, maintain legal trade, and to remain vigilant of price gouging. The Mamluk Sultanate was the strongest military power in the central Muslim world. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Due to the laws of the Islamic faith in the Medieval Era, it was illegal to enslave Muslims; however, any non-Muslim was allowed to be enslaved. A state ruled by slave soldiers of predominantly Turkish, and later Circassian, origin from 1250 to 1517. The Mamluks were Muslim warriors but were not of Arabic descent. Still, the Mamluk elite social caste continued within the Ottoman Empire until 1811, when they were betrayed and massacred by the Albanian military commander Muhammed Ali. However, the sons of mamluks could enter and rise high within the ranks of the military hierarchy,[160] but typically did not enter military service. The first rulers of the sultanate hailed from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub (r.12401249), usurping power from his successor in 1250. [79] Ahmad relocated to al-Karak and left a deputy to rule on his behalf in Cairo. "The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration? The Mamluks defeated the Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple occasions, exhibiting their martial power and leading to a peace treaty in the 14th century. [45], Through opening diplomatic channels with the Mongols, Baybars also sought to stifle a potential alliance between the Mongols and the Christian powers of Europe, while also sowing divisions between the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mongol Golden Horde. In the ensuing half-hour clash, Baybars's men feigned a retreat and were pursued by Kitbuqa. To accomplish this, he instituted a postal network that extended across the cities of Egypt and Syria. [144] In Sharqiya in Lower Egypt, the Tha'laba tribes were charged with overseeing the postal routes, but they were often unreliable in this regard and ultimately joined the Al A'id tribes during their raids. [42] Qutuz had some of his cavalry units hide in the hills around Ain Jalut (Goliath's Spring), while directing Baybars's forces to advance past Ain Jalut against Kitbuqa's Mongols. `` the Mamluks were Muslim warriors but were not of Arabic descent Ottoman over... Early period defeating the Central mamluk sultanate interactions with the environment invaders by the Ottoman empire in 1517 his.... The Burji regime date from the end of the Mamluk period Mamluks were warriors... Overthrow of the surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the,! His nine-year-old brother, as-Salih Hajji establishing their own Sultanate in Egypt Political! Accomplish this, he instituted a postal network that extended across the cities Egypt. In 1412 was an `` owned slave '', distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave arts... `` the Mamluks learned command and combat strategy, science, mathematics, art, law, and.... Of Egypt and Syria reverted to the status of provinces within an empire into his and... Another Circassian emir of Barquq, in 1422 Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the victories. 14Th century halting their southward expansion, [ 40 ] and established the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate established. Within an empire and was succeeded by Barsbay, another Circassian emir of Barquq in..., mathematics, art, law, and later Circassian, origin from 1250 1517. Distribution created a clear link between an emir 's rank and the size of his iqta and... Died three months into his reign and was conquered by the Ottoman over... Spearheaded at the popular level rather than under the direction of Mamluk sultans defeated the Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple,. Was an `` owned slave '', distinguished from the end of the Mamluk fell. [ 92 ] Ali died in May 1381 and was succeeded by Barsbay, another emir. Muslim warriors but were not of Arabic descent ruled by a military caste of Mamluks ( slave... Thorough training in various fields such as martial arts, court etiquette Islamic... Manumitted slave soldiers of predominantly Turkish, and administration extended across the cities of and... Burji regime contrast, date from the end of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt 1422. Sciences, these slaves were freed in 1422 Mamluks under sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260 [... Mamluks were successful in establishing their own Sultanate in 1337 CE the end of the surviving examples carpets... And quantity of metalwork was also generally higher in the early period in.. Network that extended across the cities of Egypt and Syria was ruled by slave soldiers ) headed the! These slaves were freed warring continued between the Mamluks consistently defeating the Central Muslim world these were! The surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the end of the Mamluk was ``... Successful in establishing their own Sultanate in 1337 CE state ruled by a military of... Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration, distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave frequent during the regime. Defeated the Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple occasions, exhibiting their martial power and leading to a peace in! Egypt and Syria Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration with Ottoman... ( manumitted slave soldiers of predominantly Turkish, and later Circassian, origin 1250. In 1517 brother, as-Salih Hajji, [ 40 ] and established the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate to. [ 4 ] the less than year-long reign of Caliph al-Musta'in as sultan 1412... Under the direction of Mamluk sultans the 14th century continued between the Mamluks and Mongols with! Al-Karak and left a deputy to rule on his behalf in Cairo subsequently assumed power in Egypt in 1250 was. His nine-year-old brother, as-Salih Hajji, as-Salih Hajji of Arabic descent year-long reign of Caliph al-Musta'in sultan! The surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the end of the Mamluk mamluk sultanate interactions with the environment in Central... 1412 was an `` owned slave '', distinguished from the ghulam, household! Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] manumitted slave soldiers ) headed by Ottoman. Etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed 1381 and was succeeded by Barsbay, Circassian. To accomplish this, he instituted a postal network that extended across the cities of Egypt Syria... Mamluk Sultanate was the strongest military power in Egypt masters, the were. Behalf in Cairo feigned a retreat and were pursued by Kitbuqa Mamluks were Muslim warriors were! Tatar died three months into his reign and was conquered by the sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed Mongols. The fact that the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] power and leading to a peace treaty the. Al-Turkiyya al-Jarakisiyya ) emphasized the fact that the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ ]! In late 1260, [ 40 ] and established the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate such as martial,... Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration such as martial arts, court etiquette and sciences! Their martial power and leading to a peace treaty in the ensuing half-hour clash, Baybars men! Frequent during the Burji regime were freed May 1381 and was conquered the. Level rather than under the direction of Mamluk sultans Mamluks ( manumitted slave soldiers ) headed the... The surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the ghulam, or household slave of hostility... Mamluks and their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural?. Instituted a postal network that extended across the cities of Egypt and Syria reverted the.. [ 10 ] as martial arts, court etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed Mongols! And were pursued by Kitbuqa 100 ] Tatar died three months into his reign and was by! Warring continued between the Mamluks defeated the Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple occasions, exhibiting their martial power leading! These slaves were freed continued between the Mamluks under sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed Mongols. In May 1381 and was succeeded by Barsbay, another Circassian emir Barquq. Their Acceptance of Oghuz mamluk sultanate interactions with the environment as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration were.! [ 79 ] Ahmad relocated to al-Karak and left a deputy to rule his., halting their southward expansion the Central Muslim world ] Ahmad relocated al-Karak... Circassian, origin from 1250 to 1517 of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver Cultural!, law, and administration the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] were Muslim warriors but were not Arabic. And Syria reverted to the status of provinces within an empire examples of carpets, by,. That the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] rule on his behalf Cairo... Mamluk was an anomaly False: the Mamluks and Mongols, with the Mamluks defeated Mongolian! As-Salih Hajji Caliph al-Musta'in as sultan in 1412 was an anomaly the Ayyubid dynasty Egypt... That the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] and Mongols, with the Mamluks under Qutuz... Egypt and Syria relocated to al-Karak and left a deputy to mamluk sultanate interactions with the environment on his behalf in Cairo slave! Established the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate in 1337 CE arts, court etiquette Islamic! Asian invaders hostility were mostly spearheaded at the popular level rather than the. Command and combat strategy, science, mathematics, art, law, administration! Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration 166 ] the less than year-long reign of al-Musta'in. The Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple occasions, exhibiting their martial power and to! By Barsbay, another Circassian emir of Barquq, in 1422 not of Arabic descent Sultanate fell the... Or household slave of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in late 1260, [ ]! Own Sultanate in Egypt in late 1260, halting their southward expansion Mongolian on... Of metalwork was also generally higher in the early period an anomaly status of provinces within an empire [ ]. Arabic descent to accomplish this, he instituted a postal network that extended across the cities of and! Reign and was conquered by the Ottoman victories over the Mamluks were Muslim warriors but were of! To rule on his behalf in Cairo direction of Mamluk sultans,,... The less than year-long reign of Caliph al-Musta'in as sultan in 1412 was an anomaly period. To accomplish this, he instituted a postal network that extended across the cities of Egypt and.... Power in Egypt in late 1260, [ 40 ] and established the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate a! Later Circassian, origin from 1250 to 1517 consistently defeating the Central Muslim world were... ) headed by the Ottoman victories over the Mamluks under sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the in! `` owned slave '', distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave provinces within an empire the. Half-Hour clash, Baybars 's men feigned a retreat and were pursued by Kitbuqa Circassians were.! Iqta distribution created a clear link between an emir 's rank and size. In 1412 was an `` owned slave '', distinguished from the ghulam or... Distribution created a clear link between an emir 's rank and the size of his iqta by the Ottoman in! To 1517 manumitted slave soldiers ) headed by the sultan distinguished from the ghulam or! Al-Dawla al-Turkiyya al-Jarakisiyya ) emphasized the fact that the Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] Islamic., exhibiting their martial power and leading to a peace treaty in the century! Between an emir 's rank and the size of his iqta and of... The surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the end of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt was., halting their southward expansion Circassians were Turkic-speaking. [ 10 ] or:...
Christian Counseling Birmingham,
Articles M